Risk Assessment in Young Hypertensives
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Hypertension (HT) in young (< 40 years) is a significant problem in India. Preventing cardiovascular disease in these young hypertensives is a major challenge as management strategies for young hypertensives are not very clear. Risk assessment in young hypertensives is also limited as most of the risk assessment algorithms apply to population above 40 years. Unfortunately, we do not have a specific algorithm for Indian patients. The algorithm given by Joint British Societies (JBS-3) appears to be most suited for risk assessment in young Indian Hypertensive individuals. Additionally, multiple newer markers may be needed to understand the cardiovascular risk completely in the young hypertensive population.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All open access articles published in the journal are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited. Under Creative Commons, authors retain copyright in their articles.
References
Anchala R, Kannuri NK, et al. Hypertension in India: a systematic review and meat-analysis of prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension. J Hypertension 2014;32:1170-1177.
Gupta R. Trends in hypertension epidemiology in India. J Human Hypertension 2004;18:73-78.
Available at: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/ products/dyb/dyb2.htm.
Bibbins-Domingo K, Pletcher MJ. Blood pressure matters, even during young adulthood. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58: 2404-2405.
Weber MA. Interpreting blood pressure in young adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:336-338.
Yano Y, Stamler J, et al. Isolated systolic hypertension in young and middle aged adults and 31 years risk for cardiovascular mortality. The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:327-335.
Gray L, Lee I-min, Sesso HD, Batty GD. Blood pressure in early adulthood, hypertension in middle age and futurecardiovascular disease mortality Harvard Alumni Health Study (HAHS). J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:2396-2403.
McCarron P, Smith GD, Okasha M, McEwen J. Blood pressure in young adulthood and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Res Letter Lancet 2000;355:1430-1431.
Lloyd-Jones DM. Cardiovascular risk prediction: basic concepts, current status, and future directions. Circulation 2010;121:1768-1777.
D’Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008;117:743-753.
Conroy PM, Pyorala , Fitzgerald AP, et al. Estimation of 10 years risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003;24:987-1003.
Goff DC, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2014;129 (suppl 2):S49-S72.
JBS3 Board. Joint British Societies’ consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3). Heart 2014;100:ii1-ii67.
Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, et al. Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2. BMJ 2008;336:a332.
Bansal M, Kasliwal RR, Trehan N. Relationship between different cardiovascular risk score and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis in an Indian population. Ind Heart J 2015;67:332-340.
Sehestedt T, Jeppesen J, et al. Risk prediction is improved by adding markers of subclinical organ damage to SCORE. Eur Heart J 2010;31:883-891.
Cohn JN. Prevention of cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2015;25:436-442.
Yusuf S, Hawken S, et al. INTERHEART study investigators. obesity and risk of myocardial infarction in 27000 participants from 52 countries: a case control study. Lancet 2005;366: 1640-1649.
McKeigue PM, Shah B, et al. Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in south Asians. Lancet 1991;337:382-386.
Snehalata C, Vishwanatahan V, Ramachandran A. Cutoff values normal anthropometric variables in Asian Indian adults. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1380-1384.
The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. International Diabetes Federation 2005. Available at: http://www.idf.org/home.
Laurent S, Briet M, Boutouyrie P. Arterial stiffness as surrogate end point-needed clinical trials. Hypertens 2012;60: 518-522.
Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, et al. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1318-1327.
Mattece-Raso FU, van der Cammen TJ, et al. Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Rotterdam heart study. Circulation 2006;113:657-663.
Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients—a longitudinal study. Hypertens 2002;39:10-15.
Mitchell GF, Hwang SJ, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events—the Framingham heart study. Circulation 2010;121:505-511.
Ben Schlomo Y, Spears M, et al. Predicative value of pulse wave velocity for cardiovascular events in 15520 subjects: an individual participant meta-analysis on behalf of the PWV collaborative group. J Hypertens 2010;28(Suppl A):E466.
Ait-Oufella H, Collon C, et al. Long-term reduction in aortic stiffness: a 5.3 years follow-up in routine clinical practice. J Hypertens 2010;28:2336-2341.
Ridker PM. High sensitivity C-reactive protein: potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2001;103:1813-1818.
Ridker PM, Rifai N, et al. Comparison of c-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Eng J Med 2002;347:1557-1565.
Cushman M, Arnold Am, et al. C-reactive protein and 10-year incidence of coronary heart disease in older men and women: the cardiovascular health study. Circulation 2005;112:25-31.
Ridker PM, Danielson E, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Eng J Med 2008;359:2195-2207.
2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2013;31:1281-1357.
Bots MI, Hoes AW, et al. Common carotid intima media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam study. Circulation 1997:96:1432-1437.
Sehestedt T, Jeppesen J, et al. Risk prediction is improved by adding markers of sub clinical organ damage to SCORE. Eur Heart J 2010;31:883-891.
O’Leary DH, Polak JF, et al. Carotid artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular health study collaborative research group. N Eng J Med 199;340:14-22.
Sesso HD, Stampfer MJ, et al. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk in men. Hypertension 2000;36:801-807.
Zanchetti A, Bond MG, et al. Calcium antagonist lacidipine slows down progression of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Principal results of the European lacidipine study of atherosclerosis (ELSA) a randomized double blind long-term trial. Circulation 2002;106:2422-2427.
Nambi V, Chambless L, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and presence or absence of plaque improves prediction of coronary heart disease risk: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1600-1607.
Peters SA, den Ruijter HM, et al. Improvements in risk stratification for the occurrence of cardiovascular disease by imaging subclinical atherosclerosis: a systematic review. Heart 2012;98:177-184.
Feringa HH, Bax JJ, et al. The long-term prognostic value of the resting and post-exercise ankle brachial index. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:529-535.
Fowkes FG, Murray GD, et al. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham risk score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008;300: 197-208.
Bohm M, Thoenes M, et al. Association of cardiovascular risk factors with microalbuminuria in hypertensive individuals: the i-SEARCH global study. J Hypertens 2007;25: 2317-2324.
Jensen JS, Feldt-Rasmussen B, et al. Arterial hypertension, microalbuminuria and risk of ischemic heart disease. Hypertens 2000;35:898-90.
Ibsen H, Olsen MH, et al. Reduction in albuminuria translets to reduction in cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. Losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study. Hypertens 2005;45:198-202.
Leoncini G, Martinoli C, et al. Changes in renal resistive index and urinary albumin excretion in hypertensive patients under long-term treatment with lisinopril or Nifedipine GITS. Nephron 2002;90:169-173.