Non-invasive Clinical Vascular Phenotyping in Children with Hypertension
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Abstract
Cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and obesity are rising in young children. Children with untreated hypertension are at high risk of cardiovascular complications and target organ damage later in life. As such, there is a need to identify feasible and reproducible techniques for vascular phenotyping of children and young people with hypertension and other chronic diseases. This will allow for the determination of which children are most at risk of early vascular dysfunction and for consideration of strategies to mitigate this risk. This narrative review describes current approaches to non-invasive clinical vascular phenotyping in the pediatric setting, with a particular focus on the assessment of endothelial function, through flow-mediated dilatation, venous occlusion plethysmography, and measurement of reactive hyperemia; identification of atherosclerosis through intima–media thickness measurements; and assessment of arterial stiffness through pulse wave analysis.
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