Neuroprotective Role of Phyllanthus acidus Against Nicotine-Induced Neuroinflammation and Memory Impairment in Experimental Rats
Main Article Content
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of Phyllanthus acidus extract against nicotine-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in experimental rats was examined in this work. Four groups of adult rats were created: control, nicotine-exposed (1 mg/kg, i.p.), Phyllanthus acidus-treated (100 mg/kg) and nicotine + Phyllanthus acidus-treated groups. Significant memory impairments, increased oxidative stress in brain regions, especially in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and heightened neuroinflammatory markers were all brought on by nicotine treatment. In rats given nicotine, histopathological analysis showed altered cellular architecture, inflammatory cell infiltration and neuronal degeneration. On the other hand, Phyllanthus acidus extract therapy significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activity, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and enhanced behavioral performance. Additionally, it enhanced histoarchitecture and maintained neuronal integrity in the impacted brain areas. According to the results, Phyllanthus acidus significantly reduces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. As a result, it might be a useful medication to stop the neurodegenerative alterations and cognitive deficits brought on by nicotine.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
References
Benowitz, N. L. (2010). Nicotine addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(24), 2295–2303. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0809890
Glass, C. K., Saijo, K., Winner, B., Marchetto, M. C., & Gage, F. H. (2010). Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell, 140(6), 918–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.016
Mishra, A., Chaturvedi, P., Datta, S., Sinukumar, S., Joshi, P., & Garg, A. (2015). Harmful effects of nicotine. Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, 36(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5851.151771
Prananda, A. T., Dalimunthe, A., Harahap, U., Simanjuntak, Y., Peronika, E., Karosekali, N. E., Hasibuan, P. A. Z., Syahputra, R. A., Situmorang, P. C., & Nurkolis, F. (2023). Phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties of Phyllanthus species: A review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14, 1288618. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1288618
Rahman, M. M., Islam, M. B., Biswas, M., & Alam, A. H. M. K. (2015). In vitro antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities of Phyllanthus acidus. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 15, 403. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0930-y
Singh, A., Kukreti, R., Saso, L., & Kukreti, S. (2022). Oxidative stress: A key modulator in neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidants, 11(5), 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11051023
Tran, N. K. S., Trinh, T. A., Pyo, J., Kim, C. G., Park, J. G., & Kang, K. S. (2023). Neuroprotective effects of natural compounds against oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage. Antioxidants, 12(8), 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081651
Uddin, M. S., Mamun, A. A., Hossain, M. S., Ashaduzzaman, M., Noor, M. A. A., Hossain, M. S., Uddin, M. J., Sarker, J., & Asaduzzaman, M. (2016). Neuroprotective effects of Phyllanthus acidus on learning and memory impairment. Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease, 5(2), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.4236/aad.2016.52005
Uddin, M. S., Tewari, D., Mamun, A. A., Kabir, M. T., Niaz, K., Wahed, M. I. I., Barreto, G. E., & Ashraf, G. M. (2020). Emerging promise of antioxidants in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 121, 109594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109594
Ali, T., Badshah, H., Kim, T. H., & Kim, M. O. (2020). Melatonin attenuates nicotine-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain. Antioxidants, 9(8), 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080724
Bhattarai, G., Poudel, S. B., Kook, S. H., & Lee, J. C. (2021). Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of plant-derived compounds. Molecules, 26(19), 5936. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195936
Chen, X., Drew, K. L., Berney, W., & Lei, G. (2021). Neuroprotective natural products for Alzheimer’s disease. Cells, 10(6), 1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10061309
Dar, N. J., & Hamid, A. (2021). Neurodegeneration and oxidative stress: Therapeutic approaches. Springer Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 22(3), 167–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02345-2
Diniz, B. S., Reynolds, C. F., & Butters, M. A. (2020). Neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment: A systematic review. Molecular Neurobiology, 57(1), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-01745-0
Elufioye, T. O., Habtemariam, S., & McGaw, L. J. (2022). Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of medicinal plants with neuroprotective potential. Pharmaceuticals, 15(3), 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15030287
Gbdamosi, I. T., & Akinmoladun, A. C. (2023). Natural products as modulators of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidants, 12(4), 812. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040812
Islam, M. T., Quispe, C., El-Kersh, D. M., & Shill, M. C. (2021). Neuropharmacological effects of medicinal plants: A review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 704921. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.704921
Kaur, R., Mehan, S., & Khanna, D. (2022). Role of oxidative stress and inflammation in nicotine-induced neurotoxicity. Molecular Neurobiology, 59(5), 2994–3010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-022-02789-3
Khan, H., Ullah, H., Aschner, M., Cheang, W. S., Akkol, E. K., & Sobarzo-Sánchez, E. (2020). Neuroprotective effects of phytochemicals. Biomolecules, 10(3), 297. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10030297
Kumar, A., Singh, A., & Ekavali. (2020). A review on Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology and its management. Pharmacological Reports, 72(4), 1097–1111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-020-00121-8
Li, S., Pu, X. P., & Zhang, W. (2021). Neuroprotective effects of natural antioxidants. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021, 6621234. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6621234
Martins, N., Barros, L., & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2020). In vivo antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds. Molecules, 25(14), 3291. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143291
Pohl, F., Lin, P. K. T., & Lokeshwar, B. L. (2022). Role of phytochemicals in neuroprotection. Nutrients, 14(5), 1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14051012
Sinha, K., Das, J., Pal, P. B., & Sil, P. C. (2020). Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: The therapeutic potential of antioxidants. Springer Neurochemical Research, 45(7), 1533–1549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-020-03030-2
Wang, J., & Wang, F. (2023). Role of inflammation and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Cells, 12(2), 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12020345