Genetically Modified Organisms: As a Substitute for Pesticides
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Pests are the major threat to agricultural crops. According to a recent survey up to 40% of the agricultural crops in the world are lost to pests every year. There are many different groups that can affect crops, including weeds, diseases, and insects. These pests can cause damage to crops through feeding, reproduction, and other activities, which can reduce crop yields and quality. Pest management strategies are used to control or eliminate pests in order to protect crops and maintain optimum level of productivity. These strategies can include the use of chemicals, such as pesticides, as well as cultural, biological, and physical methods. Plant protection techniques can either cease or significantly reduce crop losses caused by these destructive organisms. Synthetic pesticides can be effective in controlling pest populations, but can persist in soil and water, and have the potential to accumulate in the food chain system for long which can be toxic to non-target organisms, including pollinators and other beneficial insects. In recent years, there has been an increased focus on the development and use of more sustainable pest management practices, such as integrated pest management (IPM) and organic pest control methods to reduce the use of pesticides to a level that is economically and environmentally acceptable. One of the key tools in IPM is the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or transgenic plants, which have been genetically engineered to be resistant to pests. In order to work toward a more sustainable and environment friendly approach to agriculture, this article aims to increase our understanding of GMOs as a potential tool for pest management.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
References
Abate, T., Van Huis, A. & Ampofo, J.K.O. (2000). Pest management strategies in traditional agriculture: an African perspective. Annu Rev Entomol Annual, 45: 631-65.
Alewu, B. & Nosiri, C. (2011). Pesticides and human health. In (Ed.), Pesticides in the Modern World Effects of Pesticides Exposure. Intech Open. https://doi.org/10.5772/18734
Atwood, L.W., Mortensen, D.A., Koide, R.T. & Smith, R.G. (2018). Evidence for multi-trophic effects of pesticide seed treatments on nontargeted soil fauna. Soil Biology and d Biochem., 125: 144-155.
Austin, R.B. (1999). Yield of wheat in the United Kingdom: recent advances and prospects. Crop Sci., 39(6): 1604-1610.
Bailey-Serres, J., Parker, J.E., Ainsworth, E.A., Oldroyd, G.E.D. & Schroeder, J.I. (2019). Genetic Strategies for Improving
Crop Yields. Nature, 575: 109-188.
Bell, J.G., Douglas, R., Tocher, R., Henderson, J., Dick, J.R. &
Crampton, V.O. (2003). Altered Fatty Acid Compositions
in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed Diets Containing
Linseed and Rapeseed Oils Can Be Partially Restored by a
Subsequent Fish Oil Finishing Diet. The Journal of
Nutrition., 133(9): 2793-2801.
Berlinger, M.J. & Lebiush-Mordechi, S. (2004). Physical
Management of Insect Pests. In: Encyclopedia of
Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/
-306-48380-7_3248
Breckenridge, C.B., Sawhney Coder, P., Tisdel, M.O., Simpkins,
J.W., Yi, K.D. & Foradori, C.D. (2015). Effect of age,
duration of exposure, and dose of atrazine on sexual
maturation and the luteinizing hormone surge in the female
Sprague-Dawley rat. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod
Toxicol., 104(5): 204-17.
Chand, R. & Pavithra, S. (2015). Fertiliser Use and Imbalance in
India Analysis of States. Economic & Political Weekly, 50
(44): 98-104.
Chandler, S. & Dunwell, J.M. (2008). Gene flow, risk assessment
and the environmental release of transgenic plants. Crit.
Rev. Plant Sci., 27(1): 25-49.
Chenkin, A.F. (1975). Economic effects of plant protection in
the Russian Federated Republic. In: Papers at Sessions,
VIII International Congress of Plat Protection. Moscow,
USSR.
Chourasiya, S., Khillare, P.S. & Jyethi, D.S. (2015). Health risk
assessment of organochlorine pesticide exposure through
dietary intake of vegetables grown in the periurban sites of
Delhi, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int., 22: 5793-806.
Cimino, A.M., Boyles, A.L., Thayer, K.A., & Perry, M.J. (2017).
Effects of Neonicotinoid Pesticide Exposure on Human
Health: A Systematic Review. Environ Health Perspect.,
(2): 155-162.
Conway, G. (1997). The doubly green revolution: food for all in
the 21st century. London: Penguin Books; 348.
Cooper, J. & Dobson H. (2007). The benefits of pesticides to
mankind and the environment. Crop Protection, 26(9): 1337-
Dalrymple, D.G. (1985). The Development and Adoption of
High-Yielding Varieties of Wheat and Rice in Developing
Countries. American J. of Agri Eco, 67(5): 1067-1073.
Dara, S.K. (2019). The New Integrated Pest Management
Paradigm for the Modern Age. J. Integrated Pest
Management, 10(1).
Davies W.P. (2003). An historical perspective from the green
revolution to the gene revolution. Nutr. Rev., 61(6 Pt 2):
S124-134.
Deguine, J.P., Aubertot, J.N. & Flor, R.J. (2021). Integrated
pest management: good intentions, hard realities. A review.
Agron. Sustain. Dev., 41: 38.
Denison, M.S., Phelan, D., Winter, G.M. & Ziccardi, M.H.
(1998). Carbaryl, a carbamate insecticide, is a ligand for the
hepatic Ah (dioxin) receptor. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.,
(2): 406-14.
Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES), Ministry of
Agriculture, India. (2014).
Dubock, A. (2017). Golden Rice: instructions for use. Agric &
Food Secur., 6: 60
Dwivedi, S., Sonawane, V. & Pandit, T. (2022). Review on the
Impact of Insecticides Utilization in Crop Ecosystem: Their
Prosperity and Threats. In (Ed.), Insecticides - Impact and
Benefits of Its Use for Humanity. IntechOpen.https://
doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100385.
EASAC. (2013). Planting the Future: Opportunities and
Challenges for Using Crop Genetic Improvement
Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture. Halle: European
Academies Science Advisory Council.
Eliazer Nelson, A.R.L., Ravichandran, K. & Antony, U. (2019).
The impact of the Green Revolution on indigenous crops of
India. J. Ethn. Food, 6: 8.
Evenson, R.E. &Gollin, D. (2003). Assessing the Impact of the
Green Revolution, 1960-2000. Science, 300: 758- 762.
Fenibo, E.O., Ijoma, G.N. & Matambo, T. (2021). Biopesticides
in Sustainable Agriculture: A Critical Sustainable
Development Driver Governed by Green Chemistry
Principles. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 5: 619058.
Fernandez-Cornejo, J. & McBride, W.D. (2002). Adoption of
Bioengineered Crops. Agricultural Economic Report No.
(AER-810): 67.
Geoffrey, B. Steven Sexton, S. & Zilberman, D. (2014).
"Agricultural Biotechnology: The Promise and Prospects
of Genetically Modified Crops." J. Economic Perspectives,
(1): 99-120.
Gilbert, N. (2013). A Hard Look at GM Crops. Nature, 497: 24-
Grohmann, L.J., Keilwagen, N., Duensing, E., Dagand, F.,
Hartung, R., Wilhelm, J. B. & Sprink, T. (2019). Detection
and Identification of Genome Editing in Plants: Challenges
and Opportunities. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10: 77.
Herman, R.A., Fedorova, M. & Storer, N.P. (2019). Will
Following the Regulatory Script for GMOs Promote Public
Acceptance of Gene-Edited Crops? Trends in Biotechnology,
: 1272- 1273.
https://www.fao.org › pest-and-pesticide-management.