Genotoxic Effects of Atrazine and Pyrethrum: Insights from DNA Fragmentation Studies in Rohu, Labeo Rohita (Ham.)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates the genotoxic effects of Atrazine, a commonly used herbicide, and Pyrethrum, a natural insecticide on DNA integrity in Rohu fish (Labeo rohita Ham.). Using agarose gel electrophoresis, we detected significant DNA fragmentation in samples exposed to both chemicals. Pyrethrum caused DNA damage across various tissues—liver, muscle, gills, and kidney—with the most severe effects observed after 28 days of exposure. Atrazine exposure produced similar DNA fragmentation patterns across all tested tissues. Control samples, which were not exposed to either chemical, exhibited intact DNA, suggesting that the DNA damage was due to chemical exposure.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abdulelah SA, Crile KG, Almouseli A, Awali S, Tutwiler AY, Tien EA, Manzo VJ, Hadeed MN, Belanger RM. Environmentally relevant atrazine exposures cause DNA damage in cells of the lateral antennules of crayfish (Faxonius virilis). Chemosphere. 2020; 1;239:124786.
Ahmad L, Khan A, Khan MZ, Hussain I. Cypermethrin induced anaemia in male rabbits. 2009;191-195.
Awali S, Abdulelah SA, Crile KG, Yacoo KE, Almouseli A, Torres VC, Dayfield DJ, Evans KR, Belanger RM. Cytochrome P450 and Glutathione-S-transferase activity are altered following environmentally relevant atrazine exposures in crayfish (Faxonius virilis). Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2019;103:579-84.
Bautista FE, Junior AS, Corcini CD, Acosta IB, Caldas SS, Primel EG, Zanette J. The herbicide atrazine affects sperm quality and the expression of antioxidant and spermatogenesis genes in zebrafish testes. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. 2018; 1:206:17-22.
Belanger RM, Mooney LN, Nguyen HM, Abraham NK, Peters TJ, Kana MA, May LA. Acute atrazine exposure has lasting effects on chemosensory responses to food odors in crayfish (Orconectes virilis). Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. 2016; 70:289-300.
Campana MA, Panzeri AM, Moreno VJ, Dulout FN. Genotoxic evaluation of the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin using the micronucleus test in erythrocytes of the fish Cheirodon interruptus interruptus. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 1999; 13;438(2):155-61.
Çavaş T, Ergene-Gözükara S. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of lambda-cyhalothrin using nuclear and nucleolar biomarkers on fish cells. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2003; 10;534(1-2):93-9.
Das VK, Malviya A, Pandey RK. Alterations in serum electrolyte levels after dimethoate exposure and recovery in the freshwater air-breathing catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2013; 1;95(7):1176-82.
de Albuquerque FP, de Oliveira JL, Moschini-Carlos V, Fraceto LF. An overview of the potential impacts of atrazine in aquatic environments: perspectives for tailored solutions based on nanotechnology. Science of the Total Environment. 2020; 15;700:134868.
Flynn K, Wedin MB, Bonventre JA, Dillon-White M, Hines J, Weeks BS, André C, Schreibman MP, Gagné F. Burrowing in the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata is sexually dimorphic and feminized by low levels of atrazine. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 2013; 18;76(20):1168-81.
Giddings JM. Atrazine in North American surface waters: A probabilistic aquatic ecological risk assessment. SETAC; 2005.
Huang P, Yang J, Ning J, Wang M, Song Q. Atrazine triggers DNA damage response and induces DNA double-strand breaks in MCF-10A cells. International journal of molecular sciences. 2015; 24;16(7):14353-68.
Kumar A, Sasmal D, Sharma N. An insight into deltamethrin induced apoptotic calcium, p53 and oxidative stress signalling pathways. Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences. 2015; 7:25-34.
Pandey R, Malviya A, Das V. Toxicity of cypermethrin, effects on serum electrolytes (Ca+ 2, Mg+ 2 and Pi) levels and recovery response in fresh water catfish Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2009, 3(5):1182-1191.
Pandey RK, Verma DK, Das VK. Chlorpyrifos induced disruption in serum Ca2+, Mg2+ and Pi electrolytes level in freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). The Scientific Temper. 2020, 25;11(1&2):67-73.
Santos TG, Martinez CB. Atrazine promotes biochemical changes and DNA damage in a Neotropical fish species. Chemosphere. 2012 Nov 1;89(9):1118-25.
Sepici-Dinçel A, Benli AÇ, Selvi M, Sarıkaya R, Şahin D, Özkul IA, Erkoç F. Sublethal cyfluthrin toxicity to carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fingerlings: biochemical, hematological, histopathological alterations. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2009 Jul 1;72(5):1433-9.
Sheikh IQ. Doctor of Philosophy in Fisheries Resource Management.
Simoniello MF, Gigena F, Poletta G, Loteste A, Kleinsorge E, Campana M, Scagnetti J, Parma MJ. Alkaline comet assay for genotoxic effect detection in neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus (Pisces, Curimatidae). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2009 Aug;83:155-8.
Soderlund DM, Clark JM, Sheets LP, Mullin LS, Piccirillo VJ, Sargent D, Stevens JT, Weiner ML. Mechanisms of pyrethroid neurotoxicity: implications for cumulative risk assessment. Toxicology. 2002 Feb 1;171(1):3-59.
Solomon KR, Carr JA, Du Preez LH, Giesy JP, Kendall RJ, Smith EE, Van Der Kraak GJ. Effects of atrazine on fish, amphibians, and aquatic reptiles: a critical review. Critical reviews in toxicology. 2008 Jan 1;38(9):721-72.
Stara A, Kouba A, Velisek J. Biochemical and histological effects of sub-chronic exposure to atrazine in crayfish Cherax destructor. Chemico-biological interactions. 2018 Aug 1;291:95-102.
Ullah S, Li Z, Zuberi A, Arifeen MZ, Baig MM. Biomarkers of pyrethroid toxicity in fish. Environmental chemistry letters. 2019 Jun 15;17:945-73.
Van Der Kraak GJ, Hosmer AJ, Hanson ML, Kloas W, Solomon KR. Effects of atrazine in fish, amphibians, and reptiles: An analysis based on quantitative weight of evidence. Critical reviews in toxicology. 2014 Dec 1;44(sup5):1-66.
Wijngaarden RP, Brock TC, Brink PJ. Threshold levels for effects of insecticides in freshwater ecosystems: a review. Ecotoxicology. 2005 Apr;14:355-80.
William RD, Burrill LC, Ball D, Miller TL, Parker R, Al-Khatib K, Callihan RH, Eberlein C, Morishita DW. Pacific northwest weed control handbook 1995. Oregon State University Extension Service, Corvallis, OR. 1995;358.
Worthing CR, Walker SB. The pesticide manual. Lavenham. Lavenham Press Limited, British Crop Protection Council. UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 1983;3(1951):D00.
Yusa V, Millet M, Coscolla C, Roca M. Analytical methods for human biomonitoring of pesticides. A review. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2015 Sep 3;891:15-31.
Zhu L, Dong X, Xie H, Wang J, Wang J, Su J, Yu C. DNA damage and effects on glutathione‐S‐transferase activity induced by atrazine exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environmental toxicology. 2011;26(5):480-8.
Saillenfait AM, Ndiaye D, Sabaté JP. Pyrethroids: Exposure and health effects – An update, International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2015; 218(3), 281-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.01.002.