Toxicological Impact of Profenofos and Azadirachtin on Vital Organs and Biochemical Indices in Fish (Labeo Rohita)
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Abstract
This study examines the histopathological effects of two pesticides—profenofos, a synthetic organophosphate, and azadirachtin, a neem-derived biopesticide—on the gills and muscle tissues of the freshwater fish Labeo rohita. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of 40 µL/L profenofos and 25 mg/L azadirachtin for 96 hours and 28 days under controlled conditions. Histological observations revealed notable toxicological effects, with profenofos causing more severe damage. The gills, being primary sites of pesticide absorption, exhibited progressive deterioration, including lamellar fusion, blood congestion, and epithelial cell degradation. Muscle tissues showed mild atrophy after 96 hours, progressing to significant necrosis by the end of 28 days. In contrast, azadirachtin exposure induced milder effects, including fibrosis and vacuolation in the gills and moderate muscle atrophy during the same exposure periods. This study highlights the differential toxicity between synthetic and natural pesticides, underlining the need for stringent regulation of profenofos due to its pronounced ecological risks. The relatively lower toxicity of azadirachtin suggests its potential as an eco-friendlier pest control alternative.
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