Seasonal Dynamics of Zooplankton in Relation to Water Quality of Fresh water Lentic Ecosystem: A Review
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Abstract
Lentic freshwater ecosystems are intricate and dynamic habitats where zooplankton play a pivotal role in maintaining ecological integrity through nutrient cycling and energy transfer. They act assensitive bioindicators and are susceptible toeven small changes in key physico-chemical variables such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient levels. Zooplankton communities exhibit conspicuous temporal and spatial variations in diversity, abundance, and distribution, mirroring the shifts in their habitat. This review synthesizes insights from studies on different lentic habitats to explore the complex relationship between zooplankton populations and water quality. Seasonal patterns reveal that temperature and nutrient availability significantly influence zooplankton with rotifers frequently emerging as the dominant group. Presence of pollution-tolerant species such as Brachionus and Keratella in eutrophic and comparatively less polluted waters proves them as critical indicators of deteriorating water quality.Different diversity indices, such as the Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and Margalef indices, are commonly used to assess the trophic status and ecological health of lentic ecosystems. Zooplankton, not only serve as reliable indicators of the changes in their habitats, but also play a crucial role in energy transfer from producers to higher trophic levels. Long-term monitoring of zooplankton communities helps to attribute the impacts of anthropogenic activities such as pollution load and eutrophication on lentic ecosystems.This review focuses the importance of regular assessments of zooplankton diversity, as a pre-requisite for detecting the magnitude of the temporal and spatial ecological shifts; followed by policy design and planning for conservation of lentic water resources for sustaining aquatic biodiversity and ensuring ecosystem resilience in response to environmental changes. By understanding the interplay between zooplankton populations and physico-chemical parameters, researchers and policy makers can better foresight and predict ecosystem responses to natural and human-induced disturbances, thereby contributing to the effective planning for mitigation and management of freshwater resources.
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