Correlation of Fundoscopic Findings with Blood Pressure and HbA1c Levels in Type-2 Diabetic Patients
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Abstract
Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of vision loss among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Poor glycemic control and hypertension are key risk factors contributing to the development and progression of DR. This study aims to investigate the correlation between fundoscopic findings, blood pressure levels, and glycemic control (HbA1c) in patients with T2DM.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 200 T2DM patients attending a tertiary care center. Comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations, including fundoscopy, were performed. Blood pressure was measured using a standardized protocol, and recent HbA1c values were recorded. Fundoscopic findings were graded according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) classification. Statistical analysis was performed to assess correlations.
Results: Among 200 patients (mean age 56.4 ± 9.2 years), 60% had some form of diabetic retinopathy. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) was the most common (43%), followed by proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in 17% of cases. Patients with moderate to severe NPDR or PDR had significantly higher HbA1c (mean 9.1%) and systolic blood pressure (mean 152 mmHg) compared to those with no retinopathy (mean HbA1c 6.8%, mean SBP 132 mmHg). A positive correlation was observed between DR severity and both HbA1c (r=0.61, p<0.001) and systolic BP (r=0.48, p<0.01).
Conclusion: The study confirms a strong correlation between fundoscopic changes and both blood pressure and glycemic control in T2DM patients. Regular ophthalmologic evaluation along with aggressive management of hyperglycemia and hypertension is crucial to prevent the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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