Exploring the Synergy Between Hyperuricemia, Obesity, and Hypertension: Evidence from Urban India
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Hyperuricemia, characterized by elevated serum uric acid levels, is increasingly recognized as an independent risk factor for hypertension, particularly in overweight and obese individuals. This study explores the relationship between serum uric acid levels, anthropometric parameters, and arterial blood pressure in an urban, overweight, and obese Indian population.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 224 drug-naive, overweight, and obese individuals from an urban area in North India. Anthropometric measurements, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, and sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), were recorded. Serum uric acid levels were estimated using the uricase-peroxidase method, and arterial blood pressure was measured with an automatic digital sphygmomanometer. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationships between these variables.
Results: The study found a moderate positive correlation between serum uric acid levels and both weight (R = 0.308, p = 0.0005) and BMI (R = 0.39, p = 0.00005). Significant correlations were also observed between serum uric acid and SAD (R = 0.275, p = 0.002), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (R = 0.332, p = 0.00016), and both systolic blood pressure (SBP) (R = 0.698, p = 0.0001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (R = 0.543, p = 0.0005). No significant correlations were found between serum uric acid and other anthropometric measures like waist circumference and hip circumference.
Discussion: These results indicate that hyperuricemia is significantly associated with obesity-related measures and blood pressure, suggesting that it may play a role in the development of hypertension, particularly in individuals with central obesity.
Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of monitoring serum uric acid levels in overweight and obese populations as part of hypertension prevention and management strategies. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and potential interventions to mitigate the risk of hypertension associated with hyperuricemia.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All open access articles published in the journal are distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited and distributed under the same license (ShareAlike). Under Creative Commons, authors retain copyright in their articles.
References
Borghi C, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, De Backer G, Dallongeville J, Guallar E, Heuschmann P, et al. Hyperuricemia and gout in cardiovascular, metabolic and kidney disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020;27(15):1646-55. doi:10.1177/2047487319886406.
Kuwabara M, Niwa K, Nishi Y, Nishihara S, Yasui T, Hisatome I. Relationship between serum uric acid levels and hypertension among Japanese individuals not treated with antihypertensive medications. Hypertens Res. 2021;44(7):859-66. doi:10.1038/s41440-021-00649-1.
Johnson RJ, Nakagawa T, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Shafiu M, Sundaram S, Le M, et al. Sugar, uric acid, and the etiology of diabetes and obesity. Diabetes. 2022;71(3):547-54. doi:10.2337/dbi21-0034.
Kumar V, Kaushik A, Khurana S, Tiwari P, Gupta P, Dwivedi S. Serum uric acid and its association with metabolic risk factors in urban population of India: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2021;15(2). doi:10.7860/JCDR/2021/45100.14579.
Li X, Meng X, Gao X, Pang X, Wang Y, Wu S. Association between serum uric acid levels and metabolic syndrome in Chinese population. Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3103. doi:10.3390/nu13093103.
Kanbay M, Jensen T, Solak Y, Le M, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Rivard CJ, et al. Uric acid in metabolic syndrome: from an innocent bystander to a central player. Eur J Intern Med. 2016;29:3-8. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.11.026.
Verma M, Rajput M, Kishore K, Kathirvel S. Asian BMI criteria are better than WHO criteria in predicting Hypertension: A cross-sectional study from rural India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Jun;8(6):2095-2100. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_257_19. PMID: 31334186; PMCID: PMC6618189.
Kim Y, Lee S, Kim S, Oh Y, Kim Y, Cho J. Validity of Digital Scales in Measuring Body Weight: A Comparative Study. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2020;50(3):377-384. doi:10.4040/jkan.2020.50.3.377.
Song HJ, Lee JK, Kwon MH, Kim CS, Lee SY. The Reliability and Validity of Height Measurements Using a Stadiometer and a Soft Measuring Tape. Ann Nutr Metab. 2022;78(4):286-292. doi:10.1159/000524836.
Nuttall FQ. Body mass index: obesity, BMI, and health: a critical review. Nutr Today. 2021;56(3):117-128. doi:10.1097/NT.0000000000000442.
Ashwell M, Gibson S, Bellisle F, Buttriss JL, Drewnowski A. Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2020;21(1). doi:10.1111/obr.13125.
Carranza-Lira S, Fernandez-Torres RM, Villarreal-Valera AR. Hip circumference as a marker of cardiovascular risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112(1):59-66. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa048.
Kaess BM, Pedley A, Massaro JM, Murabito JM, Hoffmann U, Vasan RS, et al. The association of sagittal abdominal diameter with mortality risk in the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(8):2025-2031. doi:10.2337/dc20-0075.
Vischer AS, Burkard T. Principles of Blood Pressure Measurement - Current Techniques, Office vs Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurement. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:85-96. doi: 10.1007/5584_2016_49. PMID: 27417699.
Yi L, Qian L, Zhang H, Wang S, Chen W, Wang X. Stability of serum uric acid under different storage conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2021;514:57-62. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.005.
Pundir CS, Rawal R. Uricase-based biosensors for determination of uric acid: a review. Biotech Histochem. 2020;95(1):11-28. doi:10.1080/10520295.2019.1704344.
Kuwabara M, Borghi C, Cicero AF, Dulawa J, Ohno I, Capolongo G, et al. Elevated serum uric acid and increased risk of hyperuricemia and gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2019;9(12)
Miao Z, Liu X, Sun J, Yang C, Tan W, Zhang D. Central obesity and risk of hyperuricemia among Chinese adults: The China Health and Nutrition Survey. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):2057.
Qiu L, Cheng XQ, Wu J, Liu JT, Xu T, Ding HT, et al. Prevalence of hyperuricemia and its related risk factors in healthy adults from Northern and Northeastern China. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:664.
Liu Y, Li J, Jin C, Zhang Y, Shi M, Zhou Z, et al. Association of body fat distribution with serum uric acid and hyperuricemia in Chinese adults. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2021;18(1):57.
Zhang M, Teng F, Zhang M, Zhang K, Ma Y, Fang L, et al. Serum uric acid and hypertension in Chinese adults: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. J Hum Hypertens. 2020;34(1):35-41.
Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(10):3136-41.
Borghi C, Rosei EA, Bardin T, Dawson J, Dominiczak A, Kielstein JT, et al. Serum uric acid and the risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. J Hypertens. 2015;33(9):1729-41.
Feig DI, Kang D-H, Johnson RJ. Uric acid and hypertension: Cause or effect? Curr Hypertens Rep. 2008;10(2):143-8.
Mazzali M, Kanellis J, Han L, et al. Hyperuricemia induces a primary renal arteriolopathy in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002;282(6)
Kim SY, Guevara JP, Kim KM, et al. Hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2010;209(1):31-8.
Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Ferreira JP, et al. Association between obesity and hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2010;28(3):631-40.
Sowers JR, Epstein M, Frohlich ED. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: An update. Hypertension. 2001;37(4):1053-9.
Jhee JH, Kim H, Kwon K, et al. The role of hyperuricemia in the development of chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia. 2015;35(2):173-80.
Park YS, Choi JS, Lim YH, et al. Association of obesity with renal function decline in a Korean population. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2016;10(1):43-50.
Sagnella GA. Sympathetic nervous system activity and hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2007;9(3):217-24.
Munin E, Geyer M, Andrade J, et al. Sympathetic nervous system activity in obesity and hypertension. Am J Physiol. 2015;308(6)