Effect of Novel Biomarkers like Asprosin, Visfatin, and Subfatin in Cases of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a group of conditions that increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM),stroke and cardiovascular diseases.It is characterized by insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. In 1999 World Health Organization (WHO) tried to explain MetS.It was later addressed by organizations such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). MetS can cause other health related problems as well as atherosclerosis and in due course of time the organ failure occurs. The conditions like increased abdominal girth, hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure and raised blood sugar may suggest for metabolic syndrome and this is seen as red flag sign to ones detoriating health conditions. The main factors which are contributing to MetS or insulin resistance, obesity, PCOS and fatty lever. Now recent works on novel biomarkers like asprosin, visfatin and subfatin offers a great inside into MetS. Asprosin is a protein hormone secreted by white adipose tissues and was discovered in 2016. It has a role in glucose and lipid metabolism. It is also linked to insulin resistance and  also helps in improving insulin sensivity. Visfatin is produced by visceral fat which also known as nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase NAMPT.It regulates glucose and fat metabolism.It increases insulin sensitivity and promotes angiogenesis. Subfatin is produce by subcutaneous fat tissues it also known as C19ORF10 and controls sugar and fat metabolism.It is found in lower amount in persons having T₂DM  and in pre diabetic persons thus it has a role in metabolism of glucose and fat.These hormones contribute to the pathophysiology of MetS and obesity, and measuring their levels can provide valuable insights into disease development. Research into these biomarkers show their potential therapeutic roles, but further researches are needed to fully understand their mechanism of action and clinical applications. Understanding these hormones could lead to better diagnosis and treatment of MetS and related conditions like dyslipidemia and fatty liver. This standardized understanding of MetS has facilitated research, clinical management, and public health interventions targeting its prevention and treatment.