Tetratrophic Associations of Hyperparasitoids of Aphids (Aphididae: Hemiptera) and their Distribution in India
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Abstract
Aphid hyperparasitoids are secondary parasitoids constituting fourth trophic level which develop on primary parasitoids of aphids. Based on oviposition and feeding behaviour, they may be endophagous (develop in the larvae of primary parasitoids) or ectophagous (feed externally on the larvae of primary parasitoids when aphids are killed or mummified). Hyperparasitism has traditionally been considered harmful to the parasitoids and hence is excluded in biological control programmes. Their detailed biology and ecology are less known than their primary parasitoids. The present article provides a tetratrophic association of aphid hyperparasitoids of India. A total of 27 species of aphid hyperparasitoids belonging to 3 superfamilies of Hymenoptera are recorded in 11 states/union territories of India. These hyperparasitoids parasitise 36 species of primary parasitoids parasitising 51 species of aphids infesting 81 species of food plants. The Calcidoidea is the largest superfamily and comprises 15 species of aphid hyperparasitoids belonging to 5 families followed by Cynipoidea (9 species of aphid hyperparasitoids belonging to a single family) and Ceraphronoidea (3 species of aphid hyperparasitoids in two families). Among them, Alloxysta spp. are highly polyphagous and hyperparasitise 16 species of parasitoids that parasitise 26 species of aphids on 45 food plants in 9 states/union territories of India followed by Syrphophagus (14 species of parasitoids that parasitise 14 species of aphids on 17 food plants in 9 states/union territories), Pachyneuron (12 species of parasitoids that parasitise 16 species of aphids on 17 food plants in 4 states/union territories), Asaphes (8 species of parasitoids that parasitise 16 species of aphids on 17 food plants in 4 states/union territories). Binodoxys indicus (Subba Rao & Sharma), parasitising 7 species of aphids infesting 28 species of host plants was observed to serve as host for 14 species of hyperparasitoids while Lipolexis oregmae parasitises 9 species of aphids infesting 17 species of host plants serving as host for 6 species of hyperparasitoids. Indeed, no investigation was conducted in most of the states and union territories of India regarding the tetratrophic associations of aphid hyperparasitoids and hence, it requires an extensive survey in these areas to record them particularly in the agroecosystems to establish their relationship with aphid hosts and their parasitoids on different crops.
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