Prey-Predator Relationships in Ladybird Beetles and Biological Control of Insect Pests
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Abstract
Members of family Coccinellidae, commonly known as ladybirds, are predaceous insects that are polyphagous in nature. Their prey range is categorised as essential, alternative or rejected. Ladybirds fed essential prey survive better as larvae and are more fecund as adults, whereas those fed on alternate prey are only able to survive without growth and reproduction. Rejected prey species are unpalatable due to their intensive/ aposematic colourations and/ or presence of certain allelochemicals. Consequently, they are rejected even after encounters. Certain prey species are even harmful to ladybirds, causing their mortality, and are termed as toxic prey species. Ladybirds accept some prey species that are not adequate and worsen their life-history parameters, although they are not toxic and are considered ‘problematic prey’. While the prey of ladybirds is classified as essential, alternative, rejected and toxic, ladybirds prefer essential prey to perform their best in terms of egg maturation, oviposition and development. However, numerous other factors may affect the prey preferences of ladybirds, and include: (i) prey species, (ii) prey abundance, (iii) morphology, mobility and defence of prey, (iv) learning ability, memory, morphological character and previous feeding experience of predator, (v) environmental factors (temperature and photoperiod), and (vi) genetic factors. While ladybirds locate their prey by extensive search, but switch to intensive search once the feeding of prey initiates. If no further prey are captured, these predators gradually change their prey search mode from intensive to extensive again. During both extensive and intensive searches, ladybirds sense both environmental and inner cues that orientate them toward their prey. However, both abiotic (temperature, humidity, light intensity) and biotic factors (prey, other predators and their interactions) affect the searching behaviour of ladybirds by modifying their rate of movement. Thus, the biocontrol programmes can only be benefitted if all such factors that affect prey-predator relationships in Coccinellidae are fully explored prior to the selection of ladybird species for their mass multiplication in laboratories.
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